Unconventional resources

A broad term describing hydrocarbon resources that are not like those the oil industry has traditionally exploited. There are lots of ways to look at what exactly this means. Perhaps unconventional is hard to describe, but we know it when we see it?

Defining unconventional

But what does 'unconventional' mean? The short answer is "not conventional", which is more helpful than it sounds, and the long answer is "it depends who you ask". This is because where you draw the line between conventional and unconventional depends on what you care most about. To illustrate the point, here are some points of view:

Economist With today's technology, unconventional resources cannot be profitably produced with conventional development and production methods. This relative view seems circular, but 'conventional' here essentially means 'off the shelf'. This definition reflects the fact that many unconventional resources, like the oil sands or tight gas, were bypassed for decades because they were uneconomic at the time. It could be argued that, by this definition, shale gas is no longer unconventional in Texas, and bitumen is no longer unconventional in Alberta. Other resources, like methane clathrates for example, will be unconventional for the foreseeable future. One weakness of this definition, in my opinion, is that it admits resources like those in the offshore of the Beaufort Sea, which are surely uneconomic today, but are not what most people would call unconventional.

Reservoir engineer Unconventional resources cannot be produced with a vertical and/or an unstimulated well. In other words, a horizontal well and/or some sort of intervention to increase hydrocarbon mobility is required. Mobility depends on the permeability of the rock and the viscosity of the hydrocarbon. By this definition, shale gas and bitumen will always be unconventional.

Petrophysicist Below some critical permeability, it is no longer possible to measure permeability accurately with conventional methods. The US government calls a reservoir with less than 0.1 mD permeability 'tight'. The micropermeameter, for measuring the permeability of core, does not read below 0.01 mD. I have heard petrophysicists think of both 1 mD and 0.01 mD as a cut-off, below which the rock is 'unconventional'.

Geologist One or more elements of the classic model of a petroleum system (source, migration, reservoir, trap, seal, and timing) are missing from an unconventional system. For example, shale gas is produced from a source rock, with no need for a reservoir, trap, or seal. Bitumen is a solid, so the presence of a trap or seal today is not required (though it was required to allow the oil to accumulate in the first place). This definition will doubtless seem increasingly dated; even today I'm not sure that the concept of a petroleum system is still a useful one, except in a handful of circumstances.

Hydrogeologist Hydrocarbons are not floating on a (mostly) down-dip water leg in an unconventional reservoir. 'Mostly' because conventional reservoirs can have a tilted hydrocarbon-water contact in some circumstances. Many unconventional systems are quite counterintuitive with respect to their hydrodynamics: tight gas reservoirs often have a regional aquifer updip of the gas. In the Cretaceous McMurray Formation, the reservoir for much of the Athabasca oil sands, there is often water above and below the reservoir, and possibly also within it.

All of this made me wonder: is there a geophysical approach to defining unconventional? It got me thinking about what sorts of approaches we adopt with unconventionals. In oil sands we are concerned with high resolution seismic, density inversion, lithology prediction, perhaps even viscosity prediction. We do a lot of time lapse monitoring. In shale gas it's all about natural fracture prediction and frac stimulation monitoring. I think you have to get down to rock physics to find a common thread, so here is my proposal:

Geophysicist Gassmann's equations, which predict that the fluid in a rock does not change its shear modulus (only its bulk modulus), do not hold in an unconventional reservoir. I think this is because, in unconventional reservoirs, the hydrocarbons are intrinsically bound to the rock in some way, and thus can't be easily separated. Bitumen is solid, supporting shear waves, and forms a matrix around the rock grains; shale gas is adsorbed onto the clays and kerogen grains in the rock, making it similarly indivisible.

Maybe there are still other ways to define unconventional. Reservoir flow simulation methods, for example, must use specialized models (or a lot of fudge factors!) to succeed in unconventional reservoirs.

Examples of unconventional plays

Writing the definitions in this post, it became clear that the definition of 'unconventional' is subjective and depends on your point of view. I wondered how various resource and play types compared in their unconventionalness, if that's a word, and made this table. No means that, by this definition, this resource would not be considered unconventional; Yes means it would. I have deliberately been definitive because when I tried adding subtlety it was hard to draw a line anywhere. For example, some operators view Montney Formation tight gas as a resource play, others don't. The development strategy they adopt probably depends on their acreage, as well as soft factors like experience and leverage with suppliers.

	Bitumen sands	Bitumen carbonates	Tight gas	Shale gas	Shale oil	Coal-bed methane	Gas hydrates	Fractured basement	Remote frontiers	Shallow gas
	McMurray Fm, Alberta	Grosmont Fm, Alberta	Montney Fm, Alberta	Barnett Fm, Texas	Green River Fm, Colorado	Horseshoe Canyon Fm, Alberta	Mallick well, Mack. delta	Vietnam, Yemen	Beaufort Sea, Orphan Basin	Colorado Group, Alberta
Economist	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Reservoir engineer	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Petrophysicist	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Geologist	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Hydrogeologist	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Geophysicist	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Speculator	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Portfolio manager	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes

For the purposes of this discussion, speculator here means someone who is interested in the overall risk of a venture — if the play type is unusually affected by geological, engineering, economic, or geo-political risk, then it counts as 'unconventional'. Arguably, a lot of things would fall under this definition, but not, say, conventional pools in the WCSB or the Brent of the North Sea.

For the Portfolio manager, I have tried to represent someone for whom unconventional means resource play. This is a common confusion — I think it is rather a spurious view. So everything that can, in principle, be exploited with more engineering than geoscience, and with a factory-like mindset, is unconventional. I'm willing to agree that this is very woolly, and I wouldn't recommend using either of these last two definitions. Matt 15:28, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

Shale gas vs tight gas

	Shale gas	Tight gas
Grain-size	Mostly mud	Substantially silt or fine sand
Porosity	up to 6%	up to 8%
TOC	up to 10%	up to 7%
Permeability	up to 0.001 mD	up to 1 mD
Source	Mostly self-sourced	Mostly extra-formation
Trap	None	Facies and hydrodynamic
Gas	Substantially adsorbed	Almost all in pore space
Silica	Biogenic, crypto-crystalline	Detrital quartz
Brittleness	From silica	From carbonate cement

Agile links

• What is unconventional? — Blog post